Metabolism and Weight Loss: Genomic Perspective and Ketogenic Diet in Obesity
Keywords:
Ketogenic Diet In Obesity, Genetics, Ketogenic diet, Weight lossAbstract
Dietary modifications and healthy lifestyle have become important tools in managing rapidly increasing obesity prevalence globally. These dietary and lifestyle modifications for weight loss are time-consuming and for that reason, dietary modifications with speedy effects are becoming popular. Ketogenic diet is one of these examples and it is being practiced by many individuals due to its tremendous weight-reducing effect by downregulating lipogenic gene expression. The objective of this review paper is to investigate the effects of ketogenic diet on weight loss and metabolic gene expression. To study these effects; specific keywords such as ketogenic diet, genes expression, high fat diet, and weight loss were used in the PubMed portal and Cochrane library to curate studies. It was found that ketogenic diet reduces body weight by altering metabolic genes expression; decreases gene expression of lipogenic enzymes inclusive of fatty acid synthase (FASN), acetyl-CoA synthetase2 (ACS2), glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase and malic enzyme. In addition, ketogenic diet had been found to increase the expression of enzymes responsible for lipolysis ([acyl-CoA oxidase 1 (ACOX1), acetyl-coenzyme acyltransferase 1 (ACAA1), and HMG-CoA lyase (HMGCL)]). Other hypotheses on the effectiveness of ketogenic diet in weight loss included increase in energy expenditure through gluconeogenesis, appetite suppressant effect, and increase in fat oxidation. There is a need to study and associate specific genes and epigenetics with a specific type of ketogenic diet for personalized implementation in the future.
Downloads
References
References
Axe, J. (2019). The Ultimate Guide to “Keto”. Retrieved Februrary 25, 2019.
Bisschop, P., et al. (2000). The effects of carbohydrate variation in isocaloric diets on glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in healthy men. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 85(5): 1963-1967.
Bollen, M., et al. (1998). Specific features of glycogen metabolism in the liver. Biochemical Journal 336(1): 19-31.
Bortz, W. M., et al. (1972). Glycerol turnover and oxidation in man. The Journal of clinical investigation 51(6): 1537-1546.
Coburn, C. T., et al. (2000). Defective uptake and utilization of long chain fatty acids in muscle and adipose tissues of CD36 knockout mice. Journal of Biological Chemistry 275(42): 32523-32529.
Dashti, H. M., et al. (2004). Long-term effects of a ketogenic diet in obese patients. Experimental & Clinical Cardiology 9(3): 200.
De Launoit, Y. and J. Adamski (1999). Unique multifunctional HSD17B4 gene product: 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 4 and D-3-hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase/hydratase involved in Zellweger syndrome. J Mol Endocrinol 22(3): 227-240.
Foster, G. D., et al. (2003). A randomized trial of a low-carbohydrate diet for obesity. New England Journal of Medicine 348(21): 2082-2090.
Gregoire, F. M., et al. (2002). Diet-induced obesity and hepatic gene expression alterations in C57BL/6J and ICAM-1-deficient mice. American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 282(3): E703-E713.
Hoffer, L. J., et al. (1984). Metabolic effects of very low calorie weight reduction diets. The Journal of clinical investigation 73(3): 750-758.
Inoue, M., et al. (2005). Increased expression of PPARγ in high fat diet-induced liver steatosis in mice. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 336(1): 215-222.
Johnstone, A. M., et al. (2008). Effects of a high-protein ketogenic diet on hunger, appetite, and weight loss in obese men feeding ad libitum. The American journal of clinical nutrition 87(1): 44-55.
Kim, S., et al. (2004). Hepatic gene expression profiles in a long-term high-fat diet-induced obesity mouse model. Gene 340(1): 99-109.
Krebs, H. (1964). The metabolic fate of amino acids. Mammalian protein metabolism, Elsevier: 125-176.
Ludwig, D. S. (2020). The ketogenic diet: evidence for optimism but high-quality research needed. The Journal of Nutrition 150(6): 1354-1359.
Masood, W., et al. (2020). Ketogenic Diet. StatPearls [Internet], StatPearls Publishing.
Moraleda, E., et al. (2019). Ketogenic diet and physical activity intervention to weight loss analyzing different FTO and AdipoQ polimorfisms. Annals Of Nutrition And Metabolism, Karger Allschwilerstrasse 10, Ch-4009 Basel, Switzerland.
Morgan, K., Uyuni, A., Nandgiri, G., Mao, L., Castaneda, L., Kathirvel, E., French, S. W., & Morgan, T. R. (2008). Altered expression of transcription factors and genes regulating lipogenesis in liver and adipose tissue of mice with high fat diet-induced obesity and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. European Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. https://doi.org/10.1097/MEG.0b013e3282f9b203
Neely, J. R. and H. E. Morgan (1974). "Relationship between carbohydrate and lipid metabolism and the energy balance of heart muscle." Annual review of physiology 36(1): 413-459.
Paoli, A., et al. (2012). Medium term effects of a ketogenic diet and a Mediterranean diet on resting energy expenditure and respiratory ratio. BMC Proceedings, Springer.
Phinney, S. D., et al. (1983). The human metabolic response to chronic ketosis without caloric restriction: preservation of submaximal exercise capability with reduced carbohydrate oxidation. Metabolism 32(8): 769-776.
Pilkis, S. J. and D. Granner (1992). Molecular physiology of the regulation of hepatic gluconeogenesis and glycolysis. Annual review of physiology 54(1): 885-909.
Sumithran, P., et al. (2013). Ketosis and appetite-mediating nutrients and hormones after weight loss. European journal of clinical nutrition 67(7): 759-764.
Van den Berg, B., et al. (1994). High fat, low carbohydrate, enteral feeding in patients weaning from the ventilator. Intensive care medicine 20(7): 470-475.
Veldhorst, M., et al. (2008). Protein-induced satiety: effects and mechanisms of different proteins. Physiology & behavior 94(2): 300-307.
Veldhorst, M. A., et al. (2009). Gluconeogenesis and energy expenditure after a high-protein, carbohydrate-free diet. The American journal of clinical nutrition 90(3): 519-526.
Volek, J. S., et al. (2002). Body composition and hormonal responses to a carbohydrate-restricted diet. Metabolism-Clinical and Experimental 51(7): 864-870.
Westerterp-Plantenga, M., et al. (2009). Dietary protein, weight loss, and weight maintenance. Annual review of nutrition 29: 21-41.
Westman, E. C., et al. (2003). A review of low-carbohydrate ketogenic diets. Current atherosclerosis reports 5(6): 476-483.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2020 Malaysian Journal of Human Genetics
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
