Overview of Oxidative Stress Biomarkers in Breast Cancer and Future Research
Keywords:
Breast Cancer, Biomarker, Cancer, Oxidative Stress, DiseaseAbstract
Oxidative stress, resulting from an imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants, plays a significant role in the development of chronic diseases, including breast cancer. This review highlights key oxidative stress biomarkers such as 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG), protein carbonyls, advanced oxidation protein products (AOPPs), malondialdehyde (MDA), F2-isoprostanes, oxidised low-density lipoprotein (Ox-LDL), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and fluorescence oxidation products (FlOPs) which indicate oxidative damage to DNA, proteins, and lipids. These biomarkers are influenced by factors such as obesity, menopausal status, and diet. Despite promising associations, current research faces methodological limitations and a lack of tumour subtype-specific analysis. To improve clinical relevance, future studies should adopt standardised, longitudinal designs and more diverse cohorts. This review summarises current knowledge on the relationship between oxidative stress biomarkers and breast cancer risk and outlines key directions for future research.
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