Genetic Crosslinks Between Autoimmune Diseases and Selective Immunoglobulin A Deficiency and Its Role in Assessing Cholera Vaccination Outcome
Keywords:
SIgA, cholera, autoimmune diseases, T1D, sIgAD, Vibrio choleraeAbstract
Polymorphic genes of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II were linked to an individual’s immune response and the development of autoimmune diseases. This is a common genetic background between selective immunoglobulin A deficiency (sIgAD) and autoimmune deficiency, including type-1 diabetes (T1D). sIgAD is considered the most common type of primary immunodeficiency (PID), and sIgAD individuals are defective in the production of sIgA, which is crucial in providing mucosal immunity against several enteric pathogens that enter the human body through the nasal or oral cavity affecting an individual’s overall gut. sIgA is found in body secretions, including breastmilk, mucus, and saliva. Significant levels of circulating sIgA in an individual’s mucus are crucial to a successful cholera vaccine; however, in breastfeeding mothers, the level of sIgA in the breastmilk provides herd immunity to their infants. Breastfeeding mothers that suffer from sIgAD cannot provide herd protection, which affects the cholera vaccine efficacy resulting in insignificant immunity observed in infants after direct vaccinations, thus making them dependent on their mothers for immunity. However, there is no routine check for the diagnosis of sIgAD, and the individuals are often asymptomatic. Therefore, the association of the disease with autoimmune diseases can serve as a tool in diagnosing the disease during cholera vaccination campaigns and sensitization.
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