Genetic Variations Associated with Non-Syndromic Cleft Lip and Palate in Malays with Whole Exome Sequencing: Case Report and Gene Review
Keywords:
Non-syndromic, cleft lip and palate, whole exome sequencing, next generation sequencing, geneAbstract
Introduction: Exome sequencing technology which is part of Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) is known for detection of various disease mutations through commercially available platforms. Less reports in identifying genetic variation in non-syndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (NSCL/P) in Malaysia had embarked for discovery of susceptible genes to fill in the gaps with the healthcare delivery for a better treatment and management to the patients and family. Methods: Whole exome sequencing was carried out on two Malay NSCLP patients. Blood samples were withdrawn and intact DNA was extracted, fragmented, purified and hybridized using exome sequencing capture and sequenced with Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer platform. Bioinformatic analyses were done and reviewed with GenBank and PubMed database. Variants were filtered based upon a high impact variant. Results: We have identified single nucleotide polymorphisms in 2 genes (PDE4DIP and PDE11A) and InDels frameshift mutations in 4 genes (PDE4DIP, LTBP4, MMP12 and MMP28). Our preliminary study presents the successful application of whole exome sequencing to elucidate the genetic basis of NSCLP in Malays. Conclusion: Mutations that have been identified would shed more light on the susceptible genes to non-syndromic clefts and further investigation shall be carried out to confirm.
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